 DistroWatch Weekly |
| DistroWatch Weekly, Issue 990, 17 October 2022 |
Welcome to this year's 42nd issue of DistroWatch Weekly!
The open source community is full of people who tinker, hack, and dream. Some projects take on lofty goals, wanting to solve complex problems or take computing to new heights. This week we begin with two projects (ravynOS and Lion Linux) that have grown from the minds of dreamers who want to make using computers more efficient, easier, and more open. Read on to learn of the first impressions from these two projects. In our News section we also explore some new ground, talking about the COSMIC desktop from Pop!_OS, an attempt by System76 to replace GNOME on their in-house distribution. Plus we share information on Debian developers gearing up for a new stable release in 2023 while Murena launches a new phone. Then, in our Questions and Answers column, we explore restrictions on low numbered network ports and how common services work around the restrictions on these ports. Plus we share the releases of the past week and list the torrents we are seeding. In our Opinion Poll we'd like to hear if your most recent computer purchase shipped with Linux pre-installed. Let us know what was on your computer's hardware when you bought it below. We wish you all a wonderful week and happy reading!
Content:
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| Feature Story (by Jesse Smith) |
There are all sorts of reasons I will review an open source operating system. Sometimes I'll encounter a distribution doing something interesting that I want to share. Other times I will write about a Linux distribution just because it is popular and I suspect many people will be affected by its features and bugs. Other times I believe a project is doing something remarkably well, such as being unusually easy to set up or offering improved stability. There are also projects I will explore simply because they have such amazingly lofty goals that there is no realistic expectation they will succeed and I just want to observe the spectacle of the developers' reach exceeding their grasp. Which brings me to the topic of ravynOS.
ravynOS 0.4.0
The ravynOS project starts out with a popular concept, the idea of providing a macOS-like experience on a FreeBSD base. It is a concept shared by a few other projects, such as helloSystem. The ravynOS project's website states:
We love macOS, but we're not a fan of the ever-closing hardware and ecosystem. So we are creating ravynOS - an OS aimed to provide the finesse of macOS with the freedom of FreeBSD.
They go on to expand on the idea a little, offering specific elements the team wants to implement:
We intend to bring many of the features you've come to love from macOS to ravynOS like clean design, global menus, and drag-and-drop installs.
So far, so good. A few projects are making similar attempts and it appears, based on the ravynOS frequently asked questions page, that the team is working with other developers to make this macOS-like desktop a reality. The ravynOS website then swings for the fences with this statement:
Many FreeBSD ports and apps, Linux apps, and even trivial Darwin & macOS binaries can run on ravynOS. And we're actively working on improving it!
It was at this point I decided to download ravynOS to see how wide the chasm would be between the project's goals and the current implementation.
The project's install media is a 1.4GB ISO. The MD5 checksum is provided in a separate file. Verifying my download revealed the first hurdle of my experience. The filename in the MD5 text file the project provides is incorrect, meaning running "md5sum -c ravynOS_0.4.0pre4_f14_amd64.iso.md5" to verify our download always fails. However, if we manually run the MD5 check against the hash listed in the file, ignoring the included filename, we can confirm the media is uncorrupted. This was an early warning for me because it demonstrates no one on the ravynOS team is going through the process someone would take to install their operating system step-by-step.
At first, ravynOS appears to boot from its install media just like FreeBSD would, but with the key exception that the operating system uses launchd to manage services rather than FreeBSD's default service manager. The system boots to a text console and displays a login prompt.
I found login credentials and install instructions in the project's wiki. The instructions are unusually long and performed entirely from the command line. Presumably this will change in the future, but for now the initial setup process is definitely not emulating the easy point-n-click experience which made macOS famous.
Something which annoyed me about the install process is virtually all of the commands listed in order in the wiki just need to be copied verbatim to the ravynOS terminal and run. The only choice or information we need to insert into the process is the name of our first hard drive, which could be easily detected by a script. Which means instead of having the user copy each of the 30+ commands, one at a time, from the wiki into the terminal the project could have provided a script with the same instructions, avoiding the manual work and the chance of typos.
The install process, while tedious, mostly went well. The one issue I ran into came when trying to use the pkg package manager to remove software that would no longer be needed after the install was complete. Trying to run pkg resulted in errors which seem to suggest the package manager's database has been corrupted. Since the media checksum was correct, this again suggests a lack of testing. At least, I thought, the issue was only with removing old software that would be no longer needed and the rest of the process went smoothly.
After I finished the listed tasks, I restarted the computer. The system then failed to boot, reporting no boot device could be found. At this point I wasn't sure if there was a problem in the ravynOS instructions, or the command that copies the operating system, or if I'd made a typo which caused a command to fail without warning. It's hard to say and, given the amount of time and manual typing involved in trying again, I wasn't about to go through all the steps again hoping for a better result. Instead, I turned my attention to another project.
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Lion Linux 3.0
While ravynOS has a website which shares its lofty goals and beautiful screenshots of what the operating could be someday, Lion Linux takes the opposite approach. There is almost no information on the Lion Linux website regarding what it is or how it works. There is a brief blurb which claims the project's intention is to work on both 32-bit and 64-bit machines, but that is about it. There are multiple desktop editions available, but otherwise the style and goals of the distribution are left up to the imagination.
Something I found curious is the Lion Linux home page says it is based on Debian 11 with the Cinnamon and Xfce desktops: "We use Debian 11.4 in its 32-bit and 64-bit versions." However, the project's download page says Lion Linux is based on Arch Linux and is available in eight desktop flavours. Since Debian and Arch are not at all related, I did some more poking around to see if I could find out what the project's base is.
I found a text file in the distribution's SourceForge repository which clears up most of the mystery. It explains Lion Linux 1.0 is based on Debian 10 while version 2.0 is based on Debian 11. The release of Lion Linux 3.0 was based on Devuan. The next version is reportedly going to be built on Arch Linux, but is not yet available. I'm not sure why the team keeps changing bases, using three different parent distributions in three releases; the reasoning isn't explained.
Version 3.0 of the distribution is available in GNOME, Trinity, Cinnamon, MATE, LXQt, LXDE, Xfce, KDE Plasma, Xfce, and i3 editions. I decided to try the MATE edition which is 1.8GB in size. The various editions range in size from 1.3GB for the i3 ISO to 2.7GB for the Cinnamon edition.
The distribution's live media boots to a graphical login screen. Both the boot menu and the login screen are displayed in Spanish. Once I got signed into the live desktop by using the credentials on the project's SourceForge page, I found the desktop menus and applications also displayed in Spanish and I was unable to find a tool to change the language to English. The System menu and the settings panel do not appear to include tools for changing the preferred language.
Lion Linux 3.0 -- Running the MATE desktop
(full image size: 245kB, resolution: 1680x1050 pixels)
I looked around for a system installer and eventually found it in the System section of the Applications menu which is located in the upper-left corner of the MATE desktop. Lion Linux uses the Calamares graphical installer. We are asked by the installer to pick our preferred language and time zone. We can opt to use guided partitioning which sets up a root partition with the ext4 filesystem and a huge swap partition. Alternatively, we can manually partition the local disk using a friendly, graphical partition manager. The installer then prompts us for a username and password.
The installer began copying its files to the hard drive, but soon aborted with a Python crash report which said: "Boost.Python error in job 'unpackfs'." I restarted the machine and went through the install process again, only to be greeted by the same Python error. This quickly brought my trial with Lion Linux to a close.
In short, neither of these open source operating systems would install successfully. One is aiming for the stars while delivering a poor, command line driven experience. The other defines almost no goals, but has a lot of editions while regularly changing bases. Neither project appears to have tested its download verification or install process which leaves potential users in a difficult situation.
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| Miscellaneous News (by Jesse Smith) |
Pop!_OS makes progress on COSMIC, Debian prepares for next stable release freeze, Murena launches new phone
The Pop!_OS developers announced last year they would begin work on their own desktop environment which would eventually replace GNOME on their distribution. Development of the new desktop environment has been making progress and Michael Murphy has published an update with a video of the new desktop, called COSMIC. "I've just implemented client-side window drag resize support in Winit for X11/Wayland and Iced. Direction of the resize is based on window coordinates relative to the window. The cursor change on hover isn't yet implemented, but the changes needed in Winit are functioning."
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The Debian project moves slowly and takes its time setting up new stable releases. Paul Gevers has sent out a notice, letting people know what milestones to expect for the next version of Debian, with the first stages of the repository freeze starting in early 2023. The upcoming Debian 12 will carry the codename "Bookworm": "On 12 January 2023 we're hitting the first milestone of the Bookworm release: the Transition and Toolchain Freeze. If you made plans for the Bookworm release, now is the time to evaluate if it's realistic to go ahead or if time is running too short. Keep in mind that others may have less time to work on your plans than you do. Remember you always have experimental to stage changes. If there is an unfixed bug that is nagging you, remember to fix it (e.g. via an NMU) now rather than later. When the Transition and Toolchain Freeze starts, we'll be expecting maintainers to not start new transitions, and to avoid large and/or disruptive changes in their uploads."
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The Murena team develops a de-Googled version of Android for smartphones. This privacy-focused operating system already runs on several Android devices and such sustainable devices as the Fairphone. The Murena team has announced the availability of a new device called the Murena One which ships with their operating system pre-installed. "This 4G LTE smartphone perfectly completes our Murena phones range together with Teracube, Fairphone and Gigaset. Murena One is the perfect balance between privacy and a all-round smartphone that offers you the full habitual experience without trading off your data." The Murena One device can be purchased through the organization's website. We shared a preview of the Murena One back in July of this year.
* * * * *
These and other news stories can be found on our Headlines page.
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| Questions and Answers (by Jesse Smith) |
Accessing low numbered network ports
Learning-to-network asks: I've read that network ports up to 1024 are privileged ports and can only be opened as root. Then why can certain software run on them as non-root users? Like Apache runs as the www-data user, not root.
DistroWatch answers: You are correct, in Unix and Linux tradition, low-numbered network ports are reserved for the root user. The idea is that certain ports which are commonly used for well known services (such as website hosting, e-mail, remote administration, and file transfers) should be reserved for the system administrator to use. Other users who want to run their own services should not be able to interfere with these commonly used ports.
While a program that wants to use low-numbered ports needs to be run as the root user (or make use of special privileges granted by the root user) it's considered a bad idea to let programs that provide network services to run as the root user. Network services, like e-mail and web hosting, are vulnerable to attack over the network and having one of these services compromised by a remote attacker could be devastating if the services are running as root.
This appears to set up a difficult contradiction. On the one hand, only services running as the root user can use ports numbered up to 1024. On the other hand, any service running on these network ports should not be running as root.
The common solution is to run network services as the root user when they first start up. These services can open a low-numbered network port. Then the service typically changes which user it is running as. This is called changing the effective user ID. In other words, the Apache web service may be started as the root user, but as soon as it does some initial tasks and opens a network port it drops its root access. The service then runs as though it were the www or www-data user, not root.
In short, network services are usually started as the root user to enable them to attach to low network ports. But as soon as they have connected to the port they can drop their level of access and become another user. This insures only the root user can run services on low-numbered ports while also minimizing damage from compromised services. This is why, if you look at a process listing on Linux, it looks like network services are running as non-root users. They are, when you're looking at them, but they were probably started by root initially.
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Additional answers can be found in our Questions and Answers archive.
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| Released Last Week |
Development, unannounced and minor bug-fix releases
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| Upcoming Releases and Announcements |
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Summary of expected upcoming releases
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| Opinion Poll (by Jesse Smith) |
Did your computer ship with Linux pre-installed?
These days it is relatively easy to purchase a computer which ships with a Linux distribution pre-installed. While retail stores still usually sell computers bundles with proprietary operating systems, there are several companies which offer Linux options. These Linux-friendly companies include, but are not limited to, Dell, Tuxedo Computers, System76, and ThinkPenguin.
We'd like to hear if your most recent computer purchase was one which came bundled with Linux. If it was, let us know where you acquired it in the comments.
You can see the results of our previous poll on the past default desktops of Ubuntu in last week's edition. All previous poll results can be found in our poll archives.
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Did your computer come bundled with Linux?
| Yes - Linux was the bundled OS: | 159 (8%) |
| No - it shipped with a proprietary OS: | 1122 (57%) |
| No - it shipped with another free OS: | 38 (2%) |
| No - it shipped without an OS: | 654 (33%) |
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| Website News |
DistroWatch database summary
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This concludes this week's issue of DistroWatch Weekly. The next instalment will be published on Monday, 24 October 2022. Past articles and reviews can be found through our Article Search page. To contact the authors please send e-mail to:
- Jesse Smith (feedback, questions and suggestions: distribution reviews/submissions, questions and answers, tips and tricks)
- Ladislav Bodnar (feedback, questions, donations, comments)
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| TUXEDO |
TUXEDO Computers - Linux Hardware in a tailor made suite
Choose from a wide range of laptops and PCs in various sizes and shapes at TUXEDOComputers.com. Every machine comes pre-installed and ready-to-run with Linux. Full 24 months of warranty and lifetime support included!
Learn more about our full service package and all benefits from buying at TUXEDO.
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| Archives |
| • Issue 1048 (2023-12-04): openSUSE MicroOS, the transition from X11 to Wayland, Red Hat phasing out X11 packages, UBports making mobile development easier |
| • Issue 1047 (2023-11-27): GhostBSD 23.10.1, Why Linux uses swap when memory is free, Ubuntu Budgie may benefit from Wayland work in Xfce, early issues with FreeBSD 14.0 |
| • Issue 1046 (2023-11-20): Slackel 7.7 "Openbox", restricting CPU usage, Haiku improves font handling and software centre performance, Canonical launches MicroCloud |
| • Issue 1045 (2023-11-13): Fedora 39, how to trust software packages, ReactOS booting with UEFI, elementary OS plans to default to Wayland, Mir gaining ability to split work across video cards |
| • Issue 1044 (2023-11-06): Porteus 5.01, disabling IPv6, applications unique to a Linux distro, Linux merges bcachefs, OpenELA makes source packages available |
| • Issue 1043 (2023-10-30): Murena Two with privacy switches, where old files go when packages are updated, UBports on Volla phones, Mint testing Cinnamon on Wayland, Peppermint releases ARM build |
| • Issue 1042 (2023-10-23): Ubuntu Cinnamon compared with Linux Mint, extending battery life on Linux, Debian resumes /usr merge, Canonical publishes fixed install media |
| • Issue 1041 (2023-10-16): FydeOS 17.0, Dr.Parted 23.09, changing UIDs, Fedora partners with Slimbook, GNOME phasing out X11 sessions, Ubuntu revokes 23.10 install media |
| • Issue 1040 (2023-10-09): CROWZ 5.0, changing the location of default directories, Linux Mint updates its Edge edition, Murena crowdfunding new privacy phone, Debian publishes new install media |
| • Issue 1039 (2023-10-02): Zenwalk Current, finding the duration of media files, Peppermint OS tries out new edition, COSMIC gains new features, Canonical reports on security incident in Snap store |
| • Issue 1038 (2023-09-25): Mageia 9, trouble-shooting launchers, running desktop Linux in the cloud, New documentation for Nix, Linux phasing out ReiserFS, GNU celebrates 40 years |
| • Issue 1037 (2023-09-18): Bodhi Linux 7.0.0, finding specific distros and unified package managemnt, Zevenet replaced by two new forks, openSUSE introduces Slowroll branch, Fedora considering dropping Plasma X11 session |
| • Issue 1036 (2023-09-11): SDesk 2023.08.12, hiding command line passwords, openSUSE shares contributor survery results, Ubuntu plans seamless disk encryption, GNOME 45 to break extension compatibility |
| • Issue 1035 (2023-09-04): Debian GNU/Hurd 2023, PCLinuxOS 2023.07, do home users need a firewall, AlmaLinux introduces new repositories, Rocky Linux commits to RHEL compatibility, NetBSD machine runs unattended for nine years, Armbian runs wallpaper contest |
| • Issue 1034 (2023-08-28): Void 20230628, types of memory usage, FreeBSD receives port of Linux NVIDIA driver, Fedora plans improved theme handling for Qt applications, Canonical's plans for Ubuntu |
| • Issue 1033 (2023-08-21): MiniOS 20230606, system user accounts, how Red Hat clones are moving forward, Haiku improves WINE performance, Debian turns 30 |
| • Issue 1032 (2023-08-14): MX Linux 23, positioning new windows on the desktop, Linux Containers adopts LXD fork, Oracle, SUSE, and CIQ form OpenELA |
| • Issue 1031 (2023-08-07): Peppermint OS 2023-07-01, preventing a file from being changed, Asahi Linux partners with Fedora, Linux Mint plans new releases |
| • Issue 1030 (2023-07-31): Solus 4.4, Linux Mint 21.2, Debian introduces RISC-V support, Ubuntu patches custom kernel bugs, FreeBSD imports OpenSSL 3 |
| • Issue 1029 (2023-07-24): Running Murena on the Fairphone 4, Flatpak vs Snap sandboxing technologies, Redox OS plans to borrow Linux drivers to expand hardware support, Debian updates Bookworm media |
| • Issue 1028 (2023-07-17): KDE Connect; Oracle, SUSE, and AlmaLinux repsond to Red Hat's source code policy change, KaOS issues media fix, Slackware turns 30; security and immutable distributions |
| • Issue 1027 (2023-07-10): Crystal Linux 2023-03-16, StartOS (embassyOS 0.3.4.2), changing options on a mounted filesystem, Murena launches Fairphone 4 in North America, Fedora debates telemetry for desktop team |
| • Issue 1026 (2023-07-03): Kumander Linux 1.0, Red Hat changing its approach to sharing source code, TrueNAS offers SMB Multichannel, Zorin OS introduces upgrade utility |
| • Issue 1025 (2023-06-26): KaOS with Plasma 6, information which can leak from desktop environments, Red Hat closes door on sharing RHEL source code, SUSE introduces new security features |
| • Issue 1024 (2023-06-19): Debian 12, a safer way to use dd, Debian releases GNU/Hurd 2023, Ubuntu 22.10 nears its end of life, FreeBSD turns 30 |
| • Issue 1023 (2023-06-12): openSUSE 15.5 Leap, the differences between independent distributions, openSUSE lengthens Leap life, Murena offers new phone for North America |
| • Issue 1022 (2023-06-05): GetFreeOS 2023.05.01, Slint 15.0-3, Liya N4Si, cleaning up crowded directories, Ubuntu plans Snap-based variant, Red Hat dropping LireOffice RPM packages |
| • Issue 1021 (2023-05-29): rlxos GNU/Linux, colours in command line output, an overview of Void's unique features, how to use awk, Microsoft publishes a Linux distro |
| • Issue 1020 (2023-05-22): UBports 20.04, finding another machine's IP address, finding distros with a specific kernel, Debian prepares for Bookworm |
| • Issue 1019 (2023-05-15): Rhino Linux (Beta), checking which applications reply on a package, NethServer reborn, System76 improving application responsiveness |
| • Issue 1018 (2023-05-08): Fedora 38, finding relevant manual pages, merging audio files, Fedora plans new immutable edition, Mint works to fix Secure Boot issues |
| • Issue 1017 (2023-05-01): Xubuntu 23.04, Debian elects Project Leaders and updates media, systemd to speed up restarts, Guix System offering ground-up source builds, where package managers install files |
| • Issue 1016 (2023-04-24): Qubes OS 4.1.2, tracking bandwidth usage, Solus resuming development, FreeBSD publishes status report, KaOS offers preview of Plasma 6 |
| • Issue 1015 (2023-04-17): Manjaro Linux 22.0, Trisquel GNU/Linux 11.0, Arch Linux powering PINE64 tablets, Ubuntu offering live patching on HWE kernels, gaining compression on ex4 |
| • Issue 1014 (2023-04-10): Quick looks at carbonOS, LibreELEC, and Kodi, Mint polishes themes, Fedora rolls out more encryption plans, elementary OS improves sideloading experience |
| • Issue 1013 (2023-04-03): Alpine Linux 3.17.2, printing manual pages, Ubuntu Cinnamon becomes official flavour, Endeavour OS plans for new installer, HardenedBSD plans for outage |
| • Issue 1012 (2023-03-27): siduction 22.1.1, protecting privacy from proprietary applications, GNOME team shares new features, Canonical updates Ubuntu 20.04, politics and the Linux kernel |
| • Issue 1011 (2023-03-20): Serpent OS, Security Onion 2.3, Gentoo Live, replacing the scp utility, openSUSE sees surge in downloads, Debian runs elction with one candidate |
| • Issue 1010 (2023-03-13): blendOS 2023.01.26, keeping track of which files a package installs, improved network widget coming to elementary OS, Vanilla OS changes its base distro |
| • Issue 1009 (2023-03-06): Nemo Mobile and the PinePhone, matching the performance of one distro on another, Linux Mint adds performance boosts and security, custom Ubuntu and Debian builds through Cubic |
| • Issue 1008 (2023-02-27): elementary OS 7.0, the benefits of boot environments, Purism offers lapdock for Librem 5, Ubuntu community flavours directed to drop Flatpak support for Snap |
| • Issue 1007 (2023-02-20): helloSystem 0.8.0, underrated distributions, Solus team working to repair their website, SUSE testing Micro edition, Canonical publishes real-time edition of Ubuntu 22.04 |
| • Issue 1006 (2023-02-13): Playing music with UBports on a PinePhone, quick command line and shell scripting questions, Fedora expands third-party software support, Vanilla OS adds Nix package support |
| • Issue 1005 (2023-02-06): NuTyX 22.12.0 running CDE, user identification numbers, Pop!_OS shares COSMIC progress, Mint makes keyboard and mouse options more accessible |
| • Issue 1004 (2023-01-30): OpenMandriva ROME, checking the health of a disk, Debian adopting OpenSnitch, FreeBSD publishes status report |
| • Issue 1003 (2023-01-23): risiOS 37, mixing package types, Fedora seeks installer feedback, Sparky offers easier persistence with USB writer |
| • Issue 1002 (2023-01-16): Vanilla OS 22.10, Nobara Project 37, verifying torrent downloads, Haiku improvements, HAMMER2 being ports to NetBSD |
| • Issue 1001 (2023-01-09): Arch Linux, Ubuntu tests new system installer, porting KDE software to OpenBSD, verifying files copied properly |
| • Issue 1000 (2023-01-02): Our favourite projects of all time, Fedora trying out unified kernel images and trying to speed up shutdowns, Slackware tests new kernel, detecting what is taking up disk space |
| • Issue 999 (2022-12-19): Favourite distributions of 2022, Fedora plans Budgie spin, UBports releasing security patches for 16.04, Haiku working on new ports |
| • Issue 998 (2022-12-12): OpenBSD 7.2, Asahi Linux enages video hardware acceleration on Apple ARM computers, Manjaro drops proprietary codecs from Mesa package |
| • Issue 997 (2022-12-05): CachyOS 221023 and AgarimOS, working with filenames which contain special characters, elementary OS team fixes delta updates, new features coming to Xfce |
| • Issue 996 (2022-11-28): Void 20221001, remotely shutting down a machine, complex aliases, Fedora tests new web-based installer, Refox OS running on real hardware |
| • Issue 995 (2022-11-21): Fedora 37, swap files vs swap partitions, Unity running on Arch, UBports seeks testers, Murena adds support for more devices |
| • Issue 994 (2022-11-14): Redcore Linux 2201, changing the terminal font size, Fedora plans Phosh spin, openSUSE publishes on-line manual pages, disabling Snap auto-updates |
| • Full list of all issues |
| Star Labs |
Star Labs - Laptops built for Linux.
View our range including the highly anticipated StarFighter. Available with coreboot open-source firmware and a choice of Ubuntu, elementary, Manjaro and more. Visit Star Labs for information, to buy and get support.
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| Random Distribution | 
SymphonyOS
SymphonyOS was a Ubuntu-based desktop Linux distribution featuring a custom-built desktop environment called "Mezzo". Written in Perl and Gtk2::Webkit, Mezzo uses the lightweight but highly configurable FVWM window manager to create an unusual and eye-catching desktop user interface with focus on simplicity and usability.
Status: Discontinued
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| TUXEDO |
TUXEDO Computers - Linux Hardware in a tailor made suite
Choose from a wide range of laptops and PCs in various sizes and shapes at TUXEDOComputers.com. Every machine comes pre-installed and ready-to-run with Linux. Full 24 months of warranty and lifetime support included!
Learn more about our full service package and all benefits from buying at TUXEDO.
|
| Star Labs |
Star Labs - Laptops built for Linux.
View our range including the highly anticipated StarFighter. Available with coreboot open-source firmware and a choice of Ubuntu, elementary, Manjaro and more. Visit Star Labs for information, to buy and get support.
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