 DistroWatch Weekly |
| DistroWatch Weekly, Issue 693, 2 January 2017 |
Welcome to this year's 1st issue of DistroWatch Weekly!
We are back, after taking time off the last week of December. A lot happened over the past two weeks and our News section covers a wide range of topics, so let's dive right into them. The GNU project released updates to the Hurd and GNU Mach projects which provide a micro-kernel implementation of a Unix-like kernel. The Raspberry Pi organization launched a live distribution which runs on x86 hardware and progress was made porting Wayland to FreeBSD. Also on the topic of FreeBSD, the project has issued several end-of-life notices for older releases. The Ubuntu developers decided to drop 32-bit PowerPC support, following Debian's move to do the same, while improving printer support. The Debian project is looking at automating software updates and we discuss the benefits and drawbacks of the plan below, along with OpenMediaVault choosing to focus on 64-bit computers. We were also happy to note the FreeDOS project launched a new version during the holiday season. Before we get into the details of these stories, we want to kick things off this week with a look at five small (under 100MB) Linux distributions and what sets them each apart. In our Questions and Answers column we explore the topic of video drivers and continue the discussion on video cards in our Opinion Poll. Plus we share the many distribution releases of the past two weeks and list the torrents we are seeding in the Torrent Corner. In this issue we talk about some of the improvements we have made to the DistroWatch website and welcome the RaspBSD project to our database. Finally, we are sorry to report DistroWatch contributor Robert Storey passed away recently and we wish him a fond farewell. His final submission, an article about the fig educational programming language, is featured below. We wish you all a pleasant week and happy reading.
Content:
- Reviews: Some of the smallest Linux distributions
- News: New GNU Hurd release, Raspberry Pi organization launches Debian+PIXEL, Ubuntu drops 32-bit PowerPC and improves printer support, Wayland on FreeBSD and FreeBSD EoL announcements, Debian considers automatic updates, OpenMediaVault focuses on 64-bit and FreeDOS 1.2 launched
- Questions and answers: Video drivers and Linux
- Technology review: Robert Storey and the fig programming language
- Released in the past two weeks: Alpine Linux 3.5.0, siduction 16.1.0, Parrot Security OS 3.3
- Torrent corner: Alpine Linux, GuixSD, OpenELEC, siduction
- Opinion poll: Preferred video card brand
- DistroWatch.com news: Improvements to mobile website and search
- New additions: RaspBSD
- New distributions: Parabuntu
- Reader comments
Listen to the Podcast edition of this week's DistroWatch Weekly in OGG (75MB) and MP3 (56MB) formats.
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| Feature Story (by Jesse Smith) |
Some of the smallest Linux distributions
A lot of time and digital ink is dedicated to talking about features, new capabilities and ease of use. This week I want to go in another direction and talk about minimal Linux distributions, projects with low resource requirements and small (less than 100MB) installation media. Some people have limited Internet connections and/or lower-end equipment and this week I want to explore some of the distributions which are designed to require as few resources as possible.
* * * * *
When talking about minimal Linux distributions, I think it makes sense to begin with Tiny Core Linux. Tiny Core is about as small as a Linux distribution can get. Tiny Core 7.1 is designed to be small and fast, running in memory with either a bare bones command line interface or a very minimal desktop environment, depending on which edition we use. Persistent storage and add-on packages can be set up as needed.
Tiny Core is available in three editions. The Core edition is a 11MB download and offers users just a stripped down text console interface. Some basic UNIX utilities are included, without manual pages. The user is automatically signed into an account called tc and we can perform administrative actions through the sudo utility without a password. The Core edition uses about 9MB of RAM when running live in memory and boots almost instantly. The second edition is called TinyCore. It is a 16MB download and features a minimal desktop with a settings panel and graphical package manager. The TinyCore edition uses around 19MB of RAM and boots to a desktop environment on my computer within three seconds. There is a third version of the distribution, CorePlus, which is larger and provided as an installation image.
When running Tiny Core Linux, we can download and install extra applications and services as needed and I found there is a fairly good selection to be had in the project's repositories. Tiny Core runs in memory and this means the core system gets reset each time we boot it. Add-on packages and our data files can be stored on persistent media for long-term use. Tiny Core is somewhat unusual for a Linux distribution in that it does not feature many command line tools or services, including OpenSSH. The distribution runs on version 4.2 of the Linux kernel.
Tiny Core Linux 7.1 -- Enabling background services
(full image size: 31kB, resolution: 1024x768 pixels)
Tiny Core, as the name suggests, is very small and offers minimal features, but the project provides tools for enabling add-ons. The on-line documentation is a bit sparse, but there is an accompanying book which explores ways in which Tiny Core can be useful and utilized in building projects and services.
* * * * *
A close relation to Tiny Core Linux is Nanolinux. The Nanolinux distribution is based on Tiny Core and features more desktop applications. Nanolinux 1.3 is provided as a 18MB download and ships with version 3.16 of the Linux kernel.
When I tried to boot Nanolinux, the system displayed a handful of errors which said "permission denied", though permission to what was not immediately clear. The expected graphical session failed to launch and, instead, I was dropped to a command line interface. From the command line I was able to use the "tc" user account and the same tools that were available in the Tiny Core Linux "Core" edition. Nanolinux, when sitting at the command line, used 44MB of RAM and ran an older version of the Linux kernel. Otherwise, the experience was much the same as running the most minimal Tiny Core edition.
* * * * *
RancherOS is perhaps the most unusual project on today's list of small distributions. RancherOS presents us with an operating system which has just enough components to run Docker containers. Everything on the system, including background services, then runs inside Docker containers. This makes the system highly modular.
I downloaded the 41MB ISO file for RancherOS 0.7.1. The distribution's live disc took about 15 seconds to load to a text console. The system automatically logs us in as a regular user (called rancher) and we can perform administrative tasks with sudo. The live disc uses about 100MB of RAM and automatically connects to the local network. Unlike Tiny Core and Nanolinux, Rancher ships with OpenSSH and the secure shell service runs in the background.
We can run RancherOS as a live distribution, but to explore the power of the system we will want to install the operating system. RancherOS does not have an installer in the traditional sense, but there are a series of commands we can run to install the distribution to our hard disk. The install process downloads a handful of files and takes over the local hard disk. The GRUB boot loader is installed for us too.
The installed version of RancherOS provides us with a minimal command line interface that runs OpenSSH and version 4.4 of the Linux kernel. Additional services and components can be installed in Docker containers. These installations tend to happen quickly and the RancherOS documentation lays out the steps we need to take to set up and run these add-on containers.
RancherOS feels to me to be more like a foundation on which we can build than a traditional operating system. We can build just about anything we want on top of the very minimal operating system, using Docker containers to isolate and manage the services we need.
* * * * *
For people who are looking for a desktop distribution which balances size with features, one attractive option is SliTaz GNU/Linux. The SliTaz Rolling edition is available as a 50MB download and comes equipped with an Openbox-powered desktop featuring LXDE components.
The SliTaz distribution can be run from a live CD, but it can also be installed as a regular stand-alone distribution. In addition, SliTaz can be installed on an existing Windows partition, allowing the two operating systems to co-exist. SliTaz has an unusual installer which looks and acts like web-based documentation that happens to have prompts where we can enter configuration settings. This approach may seem odd, but the steps are well explained at each turn and there are only a few places where we need to provide information.
SliTaz boots to a graphical interface by default and makes it fairly easy to set up additional user accounts. The distribution provides us with a small selection of desktop applications, including the Midori web browser, multimedia players, a document viewer, the Transmission bittorrent client, a text editor, a simple spreadsheet app and a calculator. There are also some system administration tools like the GParted partition manager. In the background, SliTaz runs version 3.2 of the Linux kernel.
SliTaz Rolling -- The default desktop
(full image size: 272kB, resolution: 1366x768 pixels)
All of the software included with SliTaz uses up about 300MB of disk space and, when sitting in an Openbox session, the distribution used about 120MB of RAM. This may seem a bit heavy compared to other distributions covered in this article, but SliTaz provides a lot of conveniences and a more familiar desktop environment with those extra megabytes.
SliTaz does feature a graphical package manager, though it looks as though most packages available to the distribution are already installed. We can manually check for future software updates through the package manager too. All in all, I think SliTaz is the most friendly desktop distribution among the ones covered in this list.
* * * * *
Alpine Linux is a distribution designed with embedded and server scenarios in mind. Alpine can run on Raspberry Pi computers as well as x86 powered desktops, servers and laptops. The download media for the x86 build of Alpine Linux 3.4.6 is 81MB in size.
The live media boots almost instantly to a text console where we can sign into the live disc as the root user without a password. As with Tiny Core Linux, Alpine provides us with the Busybox command line utilities and no manual pages. The live disc uses about 20MB of memory.
The Alpine distribution can be installed in one of three modes: diskless mode, where we run the distribution from read-only media; data mode where we run Alpine from a live disc and write data to a USB thumb drive or hard disk partitions; and "sys" mode which acts like a more traditional operating system where the system and data are written to a hard drive. I opted to experiment with the "sys" mode. The installer, called setup-alpine, uses a text interface, gathering a little data about our keyboard's layout and network settings and we are asked to provide a root password. The installer also asks which background services we would like to run. Most of the time we can simply press Enter at each prompt as the installer provides us with good default options. Something I appreciate about Alpine's installer is it warns us multiple times before it overwrites an existing partition, choosing to err on the side of caution.
While Alpine can be used with a desktop environment, by default the installed operating system boots to a text console. The system runs version 4.4 of the Linux kernel and consumes relatively little in the way of resources, using 300MB of disk space and 20MB of RAM.
Alpine has one of the nicer command line package managers available (of the distributions mentioned in this article). The package manager, called APK, is fairly straight forward in its syntax and makes it easy to set up additional services.
Perhaps my favourite characteristic of Alpine, and what made this distribution stand out during my trial, was the documentation. Alpine has a fairly detailed wiki which covers installation methods, package management, setting up desktop environments and other key tasks. I felt the wiki was well organized and I think this sort of documentation is key in a distribution with a strong focus on the command line. While SliTaz and Tiny Core have graphical environments we can discover with a few minutes of clicking the mouse, Alpine makes itself accessible through clear documentation.
* * * * *
During my whirlwind tour of these small Linux distributions, a few things stood out. One was that there is a lot of variety in the tiny end of the Linux ecosystem. Apart from Nanolinux, which was based on Tiny Core, each distribution listed here has a very distinct style. If I had extended this trial to include slightly larger (but also small) distributions like Puppy Linux and antiX, we would continue to see a surprising amount of diversity, which tends not to be reflected in the larger, more mainstream distributions.
There were some common factors though. When trimming down a distribution, it seems removing local manual (man) pages is one common way to shrink the installation media. I have mixed feelings about this. Most people using tiny distributions probably already know their way around a command line, but when dealing with a minimal interface documentation becomes an important factor. Busybox also seems to be a favourite component of small distributions, replacing the more commonly used GNU userland utilities.
Finally, I think it is worth noting that small distributions have so far avoided adopting systemd as the preferred init software. The systemd suite of utilities offers some enticing features, but at the cost of additional resource requirements. I sometimes get asked which distributions are still free of systemd, and low-resource projects are a good place to look.
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| Miscellaneous News (by Jesse Smith) |
New GNU Hurd release, Raspberry Pi organization launches Debian+PIXEL, Ubuntu drops 32-bit PowerPC and improves printer support, Wayland on FreeBSD and FreeBSD EoL announcements, Debian considers automatic updates, OpenMediaVault focuses on 64-bit and FreeDOS 1.2 launched
Entering the final weeks of 2016, the GNU project announced the release of GNU Mach 1.8 and GNU Hurd 0.9. The GNU Mach project is a distribution of the Mach micro kernel which implements inter-process communication (IPC). GNU Hurd is a collection of services that implement file systems, network access and permissions that run on GNU Mach. Combined, these projects seek to implement a Unix-like kernel, with a very different design but similar purpose to the Linux kernel. The new releases implement virtual network interfaces, insure that running out of space on the file system is handled gracefully and memory management has been improved. "As usual, bugs have been fixed throughout the code, notably in libpager and ext2fs which now gracefully handles running out of space. Further compatibility fixes have been applied (for compliance to standards such as POSIX)." Details can be found in the release notes.
* * * * *
People who have run Raspbian, a build of Debian for Raspberry Pi computers, are probably familiar with the distribution's PIXEL desktop environment. PIXEL grew out of a customization of the LXDE desktop and provides Raspbian users with a snappy desktop environment that can run on the Pi's minimal ARM-based hardware. Fans of the PIXEL desktop will be happy to know the environment is now available to people running desktop and laptop computers with x86 processors. "Back in the summer, we asked ourselves one simple question: if we like PIXEL so much, why ask people to buy Raspberry Pi hardware in order to run it? There is a massive installed base of PC and Mac hardware out there, which can run x86 Debian just fine. Could we do something for the owners of those machines? So, after three months of hard work from Simon and Serge, we have a Christmas treat for you: an experimental version of Debian+PIXEL for x86 platforms. Simply download the image, burn it onto a DVD or flash it onto a USB stick, and boot straight into the familiar PIXEL desktop environment on your PC or Mac." The Debian+PIXEL image runs on 32-bit x86 machines and gives Pi users the option of having a consistent desktop experience across multiple devices. Additional information and screen shots can be found in the announcement.
* * * * *
Following the Debian project's announcement that the PowerPC architecture would be dropped from the upcoming release of Debian 9, Steve Langasek has reported Ubuntu will also drop support for 32-bit PowerPC processors. "Given the recent announcement that the powerpc architecture would be dropped from the upcoming Debian release, there has been a good deal of discussion about the future of this architecture in Ubuntu as well, including a session at last month's Ubuntu Online Summit and several discussions during Technical Board meetings. Unlike the ppc64el architecture, there is no longer upstream support for the 32-bit, big-endian powerpc architecture; so its continuation in Ubuntu would be dependent on identifying a community of contributors willing to invest in keeping this port in working order, to carry it forward without it negatively impacting Ubuntu development as a whole." Existing releases of Ubuntu featuring 32-bit PowerPC builds will continue to be supported for their scheduled lifetimes. Ubuntu-based distributions and community editions, such as Ubuntu MATE, are expected to also drop support for the 32-bit PowerPC architecture. Further information can be found in Langasek's mailing list post.
Ubuntu users will be happy to hear that printer support is being improved for the upcoming release of Ubuntu 17.04 "Zesty". The next Ubuntu release will feature the ability to print to network printers which use either IPP Everywhere or Apple's AirPrint technology. "Here is something nice to try out during the holidays or to save some Christmas present which you got from a not so Linux-savvy relative. Are you using Zesty and do you have a (network) printer which you never got working with Linux? It is possible that Zesty is now able to make it work. Zesty supports printing on IPP Everywhere printers and on printers supporting Apple AirPrint (these are the printers where you can print from your iPhone or iPad)." Details on how to enable the new printing support and how to submit feedback to the developers can be found in Till Kamppeter's mailing list post.
* * * * *
To date, the new Wayland display technology, which is expected to eventually replace the X display server, has generally been thought of as Linux-based software. At the moment, Fedora is one of the few operating systems shipping with Wayland as the default software for displaying a desktop environment. However, other projects are working on Wayland support, including FreeBSD. Johannes Lundberg posted a status update on the progress of Wayland running on FreeBSD. There is still some work to be done, but most of the components appear to be working.
Xin Li started 2017 by announcing some older branches of FreeBSD have reached the end of their supported lives. As of January 1, 2017, FreeBSD 9.3, 10.1 and 10.2 will no longer receive support and security updates. "As of January 1, 2017, FreeBSD 9.3, 10.1 and 10.2 have reached end-of-life and will no longer be supported by the FreeBSD Security Officers Team. Users of FreeBSD 9.3, 10.1 and 10.2 are strongly encouraged to upgrade to a newer release as soon as possible." The announcement features a chart showing FreeBSD 10.3 and 11.0 continue to be supported.
* * * * *
Keeping an operating system up to date with security patches is one of the key processes involved in preventing a computer from being compromised by an attacker. With many computers systems being set up and left to run for months or even years unattended, the idea of automated package updates is an attractive option. The Debian project is currently considering whether security updates should be applied automatically by default and, if so, what are the benefits and potential drawbacks? "The Debian project is looking at possibly making automatic minor upgrades to installed packages the default for newly installed systems. While Debian has a reliable and stable package update system that has been an inspiration for multiple operating systems (the venerable APT), upgrades are, usually, a manual process on Debian for most users. The proposal was brought up during the Debian Cloud sprint in November by longtime Debian Developer Steve McIntyre. The rationale was to make sure that users installing Debian in the cloud have a 'secure' experience by default, by installing and configuring the unattended-upgrades package within the images." This blog post talks about some of the benefits and problems which could result from automated updates.
* * * * *
A blog post on the OpenMediaVault website suggests the Debian-based distribution will be focusing exclusively on building installation media for 64-bit x86 computers. The post succinctly states: "Starting today there will be only 64-bit ISO images for OMV3 to download. If you still need a 32-bit installation, then use the Debian 32-bit net-install ISO image and install OMV3 manually."
* * * * *
Though FreeDOS is not a member of the Linux or BSDs families, the operating system is free software, licensed under the GNU General Public license. FreeDOS got its start as a Microsoft DOS clone and replacement back in the mid-1990s when Microsoft announced it was discontinuing development of its DOS platform. Since then the FreeDOS project has been used to run legacy DOS programs, been used as a platform from which to manage firmware and acted as a minimal operating system on low-end computers. The project's founder, Jim Hall, announced the release of FreeDOS 1.2 on December 25th. The new release features many applications and a few games on top of the core operating system and offers users a new system installer. "The FreeDOS 1.2 release is an updated, more modern FreeDOS. You'll see that we changed many of the packages. Some packages were replaced, deprecated by newer and better packages. We also added other packages. And we expanded what we should include in the FreeDOS distribution. Where FreeDOS 1.0 and 1.1 where fairly spartan distributions with only "core" packages and software sets, the FreeDOS 1.2 distribution includes a rich set of additional packages. We even include games. But the biggest change you are likely to notice in FreeDOS 1.2 is the updated installer. Jerome Shidel wrote an entirely new FreeDOS install program, and it looks great! We focused on keeping the new installer simple and easy to use. While many DOS users in 2016 are experienced DOS programmers and DOS power users, we often see many new users to FreeDOS, and I wanted to make the install process pleasant for them. The default mode for the installer is very straightforward, and you only have to answer a few questions to install FreeDOS on your system." Further information and a history of the project can be found in Hall's release announcement.
* * * * *
These and other news stories can be found on our Headlines page.
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| Questions and Answers (by Jesse Smith) |
Video drivers and Linux
Pick-a-card-any-card asks: What is the current state of the big three video card markers with respect to Linux? Has pressure from the community and Linus's rant against NVIDIA resulted in any progress?
DistroWatch answers: The hardware market, and the drivers for existing hardware, are always evolving. However, I do not think there has been a great deal of change in the past few years. I have not observed any great leaps forward or large failures recently. Some people ran into trouble with their legacy AMD/ATI video cards not being supported in some recent distribution releases, but otherwise I have not witnessed much change in recent years.
I think the state of video drivers (and video cards) with regards to Linux varies a bit depending on whether a person runs open source drivers exclusively or if a person is willing to use closed source drivers. In my opinion it seems as though Intel and AMD/ATI have been more willing to put work into their open source drivers. Cards from either company tend to have decent, working, open source drivers and that is great. NVIDIA seems less willing to open their driver code and the Nouveau project has had to do a lot of work to get NVIDIA cards working with their open source code.
On the other hand, when we factor in closed drivers, the NVIDIA card/driver combination tends to be well supported compared to AMD/ATI cards. NVIDIA makes closed drivers which offer good performance (in my opinion) and stability (in my experience), both for Linux and FreeBSD.
Ideally, it would be great if each company fully supported Linux with open source drivers, but that goal still seems to be a long way off. For now, there is still quite a bit of work to be done on the open source drivers for AMD/ATI and NVIDIA cards. Both are fairly well supported, but there are some rough edges and corner cases to smooth out.
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For more questions and answers, visit our Questions and Answers archive.
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| Technology Review (by Figosdev)
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Robert Storey and the fig programming language
While we were away on holiday, the DistroWatch team received very sad news. Our friend, professional writer of travel guidebooks and occasional DistroWatch contributor, Robert Storey passed away in December. Robert was a tireless technology enthusiast and open source advocate. He regularly brought niche projects to our attention and loved discussing up-and-coming projects and community forks, like Devuan. Most recently, Robert contributed a review of the Refracta distribution, which is based on Devuan.
Robert had a wonderful sense of humour and often penned April Fools articles for us. Over the years his digital pen took aim at Windows "Hasta La" Vista and a fictional version of the GNOME 4 desktop. He also had some light fun with technology celebrities.
Robert was a passionate, friendly man who was always learning and always exploring. His energy for open source was infectious and we here at DistroWatch will miss him.
Shortly before he passed, Robert shared with us a source-to-source programming language called fig. The fig language aims to be easy for new programmers to learn and tries to simplify syntax as much as possible. Robert felt such a language would be a useful educational tool. He had the developer behind fig, who goes by the handle Figosdev, write up an article explaining his creation. Robert then forwarded the article on fig to us in the hopes DistroWatch readers might find it useful or, at least, interesting. The summary of fig is included below.
* * * * *
Issue 683 of DistroWatch Weekly featured a review of
Refracta 8, a Devuan-based live distro. After discussing the subject over email with Robert, it was suggested that I write a review of my own programming language, fig, which is included with Refracta.
I will attempt to be impartial.
Fig is a source-to-source compiler (basically a translator) written in
Python, designed around the following ideas:
- Only add features and punctuation (syntax) as necessary
- "Necessary" includes saving substantial tedium and repetition
- Keep it as simple as BASIC or Logo used to be, if possible
- Use any modern feature that would have made BASIC easier
The language is implemented as a single Python script, originally in
Python 2. It should work in various GNU/Linux distros that include
Python, including, but not limited to: Debian, Devuan, Trisquel,
gNewSense, antiX, ConnochaetOS, Arch and PrimTux. I have not tested it in any distros based on Red Hat though I've had success in
Windows XP & 8, ReactOS, Puppy Linux,
OS X -- either Leopard or Snow Leopard. Early versions also ran on SL4A
on Android.
It was developed primarily on Devuan Jessie in the pre-alpha stage, and
for this article was tested successfully in Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS. Fig
should basically run where Python runs, and Python runs on practically
any distro and most hardware-- including SBC's like the Raspberry Pi,
BeagleBoard or ODROID, running GNU/Linux.
If you only have Python 3 rather than Python 2, there is a version of fig (3.1)
that is slightly more experimental -- though used frequently -- which goes
out of its way to encode and decode all the brittle Python 3 strings I
find so antithetical to Python's flexibility and simplicity. Fig was
inspired originally by BASIC, so of course it would lend itself towards
strings that had Unicode as an afterthought.
For this article, I have downloaded the package for APT or Debian-based
distros from Refracta's "extras" repo. And, for Puppy, I've downloaded the .pet package from Puppus Dogfellow's Google drive.
The commands used to install the .deb or .pet version are:
sudo dpkg -i fig29-31_1.0.deb
and
petget fig-2.9.pet
Non-APT and non-Puppy distros can use the following commands, as a .pet
package is basically a zipped tar archive (gz or xz) with an MD5 appended:
tar -xvf fig-2.9.pet ; mv fig-2.9/usr/local/bin/fig29 /usr/bin/fig29.py
The tar command, when used on a .pet package, will generally complain about a corrupt archive; this can be ignored. A typical line of fig can be found in the
/usr/share/doc/fig/examples/nestloops.fig file:
now x hex right 1 prints colortext 7
The only required punctuation in fig is "quotes for strings" and #hashes
for comments. Other punctuation is optional, like this equals sign and
command separator:
now = x ; hex ; right 1 ; prints ; colortext 7
Fig is not case-sensitive and generally ignores indentation. Commands
always have the same number of parameters, except for "function" which
is used to define a command. Introductory documentation is located under
/usr/share/doc/fig/workinprogress and a support forum can be found at http://unofficialdistros.freeforums.org.
As far as suitability for programming or education, fig needs to be
reviewed by more educators or experts. People who advocate drag-and-drop
coding will not like the fact that fig involves actual typing of
commands. People who like GUI programming will not like that fig is
mostly command-line based (a few graphics commands exist.) And above
all, people who are already comfortable with BASH or Python may wonder
why fig was even developed in the first place.
To that I can say: fig started as, and continues as, an experiment. These
days, practical languages that you can learn in their entirety are rare.
But as instruction has returned from the dark days of "application
training" to "let's teach everyone how computers work by learning to
code," I wanted to make a language that was easy enough for everyone to
learn and teach, focusing on the basic concepts of variables, I/O, basic
math, loops, conditions and functions.
I still believe fig could be useful in schools on platforms like the
Raspberry Pi, or on laptops and desktops. I use it to write small
programs, avoid Python syntax and boilerplate, and to teach computing
concepts to friends. I tried that with BASIC first, and Python and
JavaScript next. At least for that single purpose, fig is a minor and
private success -- people glaze over a lot less with fig than when I try
to demonstrate how other languages work, and that was really the idea.
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| Released Last Week |
BlackArch Linux 2016.12.20
BlackArch Linux 2016.12.20 has been released. BlackArch is an Arch Linux-based live distribution (in 6.2 GB!) with a substantial collection of utilities made for penetration testing and forensic analysis. This new version comes with an updated Linux kernel and base system, as well as over 100 new tools: "Today we released new BlackArch Linux ISO images. Here is the changeLog: include linux kernel 4.8.13; fix LXDM shutdown and reboot issue; userland clean-ups; added more than 100 new tools; updated all BlackArch tools; updated all system packages; updated menus for window managers (Awesome, Fluxbox, Openbox). Following newest tools have been added: Dracnmap - tool to exploit the network and gathering information with Nmap help; OpenDoor - OWASP directory access scanner; WAFNinja - tool which contains two functions to attack web application firewalls; Hoper - trace URL jumps across links to obtain the last URL...." Visit the project's news page to read the release announcement and all the recent additions to the distribution's toolkit.
ExTiX 17.0
Arne Exton has announced the release of a new version of the Debian- and Ubuntu-based ExTiX distribution. The new release, version 17.0, ships with the KDE desktop environment and is available in a single, 64-bit x86 build. ExTiX 17.0 KDE DVD 64-bit is based on Debian 8.6 'Jessie'/Debian 9 'Stretch' and Ubuntu 16.10. The original system includes the desktop environment Unity (Ubuntu). After removing Unity I have installed KDE Frameworks 5.26.0 with KDE 4.16. KDE Frameworks are 60 addon libraries to Qt which provide a wide variety of commonly needed functionality in mature, peer reviewed and well tested libraries with friendly licensing terms. The system language is English. My special kernel, 4.9.0-11-exton, corresponding to kernel.org's kernel 4.9 - latest as of 161221. You can download 'my' kernel if you want to use it in another Ubuntu/Debian system." Additional information on ExTiX 17.0 is available in the project's release announcement.
ExTiX 17.0 -- Running the KDE desktop
(full image size: 1.9MB, resolution: 1576x922 pixels)
IPFire 2.19 Core 108
The IPFire project has announced an update to the security-minded Linux distribution. The new release fixes some issues with the project's 2.19 series and carries the name IPFire 2.19 Core Update 108. "Just before Christmas, we are going to release the last Core Update for 2016. IPFire 2.19 - Core Update 108 brings some minor bug fixes and feature enhancements, some security fixes in ntp and various fixes in the squid web proxy. Asynchronous logging is now enabled by default and not configurable any more. This made some programs that wrote an extensive amount of log messages slow down and possible unresponsive over the network which causes various problems. This was seen on systems with very slow flash media and virtual environments." The release announcement includes further details and list of updated packages.
Alpine Linux 3.5.0
The Alpine Linux project, an independent Linux distribution developed with embedded systems and security in mind, has released Alpine Linux 3.5.0. The new release switches the distribution from using the OpenSSL security library to LibreSSL, introduces support for ZFS as the root file system and features many package upgrades. "New features and noteworthy changes: Switch from OpenSSL to LibreSSL; Support for aarch64 (uboot only for now); Support for ZFS as root; PostgreSQL update to 9.6.x - see the PostgreSQL documentation for upgrade instructions; Samba 4.5.3; GTK+3.0 3.22.5; glib 2.50.2; Support for R, JRuby and OCaml; Better Python3 support; The nodejs package was renamed to nodejs-current and moved to the community repository. The nodejs-lts package was renamed to nodejs. This means that you get the LTS version if you do 'apk add nodejs'." Further details can be found in the release announcement.
siduction 16.1.0
Ferdinand Thommes has announced the release of siduction 16.1.0, a set of distributions based on Debian's "unstable" branch. The release arrives in two batches, with the one made available today coming in LXDE, Xfce and KDE Plasma flavours, while a second batch, featuring GNOME, Cinnamon, MATE and LXQt, is scheduled for release in January. "Today we present the first batch of siduction 2016.1 which consists of the noX, Xorg, LXDE, Xfce and Plasma 5 flavours. We attempt to release a second batch with the GNOME, Cinnamon, MATE and LXQt flavours as soon as possible in the new year. The released images are a snapshot of Debian 'unstable' that also goes by the name of 'Sid', from 2016-12-23. They are enhanced with some useful packages and scripts, our own installer and a custom patched version of the Linux kernel 4.9, accompanied by X.Org Server 1.19.0 and systemd 232." Read the full release notes for more details.
siduction 16.1.0 -- Running LXDE
(full image size: 293kB, resolution: 1366x768 pixels)
OpenMandriva Lx 3.01
Kate Lebedeff has announced the release of OpenMandriva Lx 3.01, an updated build of the distribution's 3.0 branch, featuring the KDE Plasma desktop, which was originally released in August: "Not long after Lx 3.0 final release we are proud to announce OpenMandriva Lx 3.01. The 3.01 release brings a number of major fixes - updated software; new drivers and kernel with better support for newer hardware; many bug fixes; stable Plasma running on Wayland. OpenMandriva Lx is a cutting-edge distribution compiled with LVM/Clang. Combined with the high level of optimisation, it gives the desktop an unbelievably crisp response to operations on KDE Plasma 5 which makes it a pleasure to use. The latest release of all the KDE applications is there to support the desktop and help give you a consistent feel. Main features: KDE Plasma 5.8.4, KDE Frameworks 5.29.0, KDE Applications 16.08.3, Qt 5.6.2, Linux kernel 4.9 with BFQ as a default CPU scheduler, systemd 232..." Here is the full release announcement.
Parrot Security OS 3.3
Lorenzo Faletra has announced the release of Parrot Security OS 3.3, a new release of the project's Debian-based, specialist distribution with a collection of utilities designed for penetration testing, computer forensics, reverse engineering, hacking, privacy and cryptography: "Parrot 3.3 released. We are sorry for all the silence behind our development process these days, but we were secretly working on two main projects, the perfect plan to conquer the world and the new Parrot 3.3 release which fixes many minor but unpleasant bugs and introduces many many updates. This release is not a definitive goal; it is just a working snapshot of the bigger work we are doing for parrot 3.4 that will be released very soon. Changelog: include Linux 4.8 kernel; fix touchpad and multitouch support; fix mismatching kernel installer; update anonsurf; fix minor MATE bugs; include GCC 6.2; update Metasploit Framework to 4.13; switch to PHP 7; upgrade most of the tools to their latest versions." See the release announcement and changelog for more details.
Guix System Distribution 0.12.0
The GNU Guix project has announced the release of an update to the Guix System Distribution (GuixSD) operating system. GuixSD is a Linux distribution built around the Guix package manager, which offers transactional upgrades and roll-backs along with reproducible builds. The new release, GuixSD 0.12.0, includes several new services, including log rotation, CUPS and the OpenSMTPD e-mail service. "We are pleased to announce the new release of GNU Guix and GuixSD, version 0.12.0! The release comes with USB installation images to install the standalone GuixSD, and with tarballs to install the package manager on top of your GNU/Linux distro, either from source or from binaries. It’s been a little over 4 months since the previous release, during which 76 people contributed code and packages. The highlights include: New GuixSD system services, including a log rotation service, a CUPS printing service, NFS related services, and an OpenSMTPD service. Guix daemon offloading support now uses Guile-SSH. GuixSD can now be installed to a LUKS-encrypted root." Additional information can be found in the release announcement.
OpenELEC 7.0.0
OpenELEC is a Linux-based distribution designed to act as a media hub and, in particular, to run the Kodi media software. The project has released a new version, OpenELEC 7.0.0, which supports WeTek Core devices, includes updated AMDGPU video drivers and offers users Kodi 16.1. The project has also introduced Bluetooth and OpenVPN support. "The OpenELEC 7.0 (internal version 7.0.0) release has been published. Users running OpenELEC 6.95.1 or later with auto-update enabled will be prompted on-screen to reboot and apply the update once it has been downloaded and enabled in some hours. Users running older OpenELEC releases or with auto-update disabled will need to manually update. If you would like to update from an older OpenELEC release please read update instructions/advice on the Wiki before updating." A list of new features and changes can be found in the project's release announcement.
Porteus 3.2.2
Porteus is a fast, portable Linux distribution based on Slackware. The project has published a new stable release, Porteus 3.2.2. The new release is available in four editions: Cinnamon, KDE Plasma, MATE and Xfce. "Porteus is on cloud nine to announce the final release of Porteus v3.2.2 and Porteus Kiosk 4.2. There have been some major changes in the desktop edition since the 3.1 release including: kernel 4.9, pulseaudio, eudev, consolekit2, more complete 000-kernel firmware. Other Slackware based changes can be found here. Four desktops are available at this point: Xfce4, MATE, Cinnamon and KDE5. The base modules are a little larger than the previous release but contain a more complete set of packages for all round compatibility." Additional information can be found in the project's release announcement for Porteus 3.2.2.
Porteus 3.2.2 -- Running the MATE desktop
(full image size: 1.2MB, resolution: 1280x1024 pixels)
Linux Kodachi
Warith Al Maawali has announced the release of Linux Kodachi 3.5, a new version of the project's Debian-based, privacy-oriented distribution. This release includes a new hard disk installer from the Refracta project: "Version 3.5, based on Debian 8.6 Xfce. Added Refracta installer, now you can install Kodachi permanently on your PC; added new tool - Mat Meta data anonymization tool; improved destroy Kodachi script; improved display script with new CPU and network monitor on taskbar; detect screen resolution changes and display accordingly; introduced banned message if someone misuses the bandwidth or hosts illegal torrent files using our VPN network; added Gibru engine to search bookmarks; added new version notification; added own VPN tool so now you can use your own VPN - all you need is to paste your configuration into the correct directory located on the Kodachi desktop; fixed a few bugs; updated system, Firefox, Firefox plugins, Tor, VeraCrypt, Komodo edit, Electrum Bitcoin wallet." Here is the complete changelog.
Calculate Linux 17
Alexander Tratsevskiy has announced the release of Calculate Linux 17, a major update of the project's Gentoo-based set of distributions designed for desktops (with a choice of KDE Plasma, MATE or Xfce) as well as servers: "We are happy to announce the release of Calculate Linux 17. Main changes: Timeless, a new server flavour, designed for those eager to try the development version of Calculate Utilities; GUI manager - updated appearance, including new own icons; command-line manager - one session for cl-console and cl-console-gui, so that you can switch between them freely; live USB - system startup possible without PulseAudio; numerous revisions in templates - new functions added, support provided for 'or' expressions, service launching, package linking, package version downgrade, ldif format; beta versions of the brand new Calculate Linux Desktop Cinnamon and Calculate Linux Desktop LXQt available in 'nightly' stages; up to 5000 binary packages are available in the Calculate repository...." See the release announcement for more information, upgrade instructions and screenshots.
PelicanHPC 4.1
Happy New Year 2017! The first release announcement of the year goes to the PelicanHPC project (formerly known as "ParallelKnoppix") which develops a specialist Debian-based distribution that can be easily set up as a node for a High-Performance Computing cluster network. It is maintained by Aissam Hidoussi at the University Hadj Lakhdar in Batna, Algeria. PelicanHPC 4.1 is a minor bug-fix update and it comes with a choice of two desktops - Xfce 4.10 and GNOME 3.14: "PelicanHPC 4.1 is released with two desktops (Xfce and GNOME). It is based on Debian 8.6 'Jessie' and live-build 4.x. The default login information is user 'user', password 'PelicanHPC'. For security reasons, please change your password after login. Fixes to PelicanHPC 4.0: mounting of PELHOME partition; SSH problem in PelicanHPC with Xfce desktop; Ganglia." Visit the distribution's news page to read the brief release announcement.
* * * * *
Development, unannounced and minor bug-fix releases
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| Torrent Corner |
Weekly Torrents
The table below provides a list of torrents DistroWatch is currently seeding. If you do not have a bittorrent client capable of handling the linked files, we suggest installing either the Transmission or KTorrent bittorrent clients.
Archives of our previously seeded torrents may be found here. All torrents we make available here are also listed on the very useful Linux Tracker website. Thanks to Linux Tracker we are able to share the following torrent statistics.
Torrent Corner statistics:
- Total torrents seeded: 268
- Total data uploaded: 41.1TB
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| Upcoming Releases and Announcements |
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Summary of expected upcoming releases
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| Opinion Poll |
Preferred video card brand
About a year ago we ran a poll asking readers about their preferred video card and driver set up. As this week's Question and Answer column concerns the development of video card drivers over time, we would like to pose the question again. What video card do you have in your computer now and are you using an open source driver or a proprietary driver with the device?
You can see the results of our previous poll on isolating processes here. All previous poll results can be found in our poll archives.
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Preferred video card brand
| AMD/ATI with open driver: | 378 (19%) |
| AMD/ATI with closed driver: | 86 (4%) |
| Intel: | 477 (24%) |
| NVIDIA with open driver: | 221 (11%) |
| NVIDIA with closed driver: | 677 (34%) |
| Unsure: | 166 (8%) |
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|
| DistroWatch.com News |
Improvements to mobile website and search
Toward the end of 2016 we launched a mobile version of DistroWatch. Following the feedback we received in December, we have added a few new pages to provide the same features for mobile visitors as our desktop visitors of the site. The first page is called Latest Releases and provides a quick summary of new distribution and package releases. This is the same information presented on the full website's front page, in the left-hand column. A second page provides a list of the podcasts, newsletters and reviews we track.
These two summary pages, while designed with mobile visitors in mind, are also accessible for desktop users. The desktop versions of our new releases page and the podcasts, newsletters and reviews page can be bookmarked for quick access or located through our sitemap.
Another feature we have added is the ability to use the Search page to find operating systems that use web-based administration panels. Many distributions, particularly NAS systems, use web-based panels instead of desktop environments to make remote administration easier. On our Search page, projects which enable a web-based panel in the default installation can be found by setting the Desktop interface field to WebUI.
* * * * *
New distributions added to database
RaspBSD
RaspBSD is a special build of FreeBSD for small, single-board computers such as the Raspberry Pi, Banana Pi and BeagleBoard Black. The project provides a live image of FreeBSD with Openbox and the LXDE graphical desktop, along with pre-configured FreeBSD package repositories. RaspBSD is based on the -CURRENT branch of FreeBSD.
* * * * *
Distributions added to waiting list
- Parabuntu. Parabuntu is an Ubuntu-based distribution for Parallella mini computers.
* * * * *
DistroWatch database summary
* * * * *
This concludes this week's issue of DistroWatch Weekly. The next instalment will be published on Monday, 9 January 2017. Past articles and reviews can be found through our Article Search page. To contact the authors please send e-mail to:
- Jesse Smith (feedback, questions and suggestions: distribution reviews/submissions, questions and answers, tips and tricks)
- Ladislav Bodnar (feedback, questions, donations, comments)
- Bruce Patterson (podcast)
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| Archives |
| • Issue 1021 (2023-05-29): rlxos GNU/Linux, colours in command line output, an overview of Void's unique features, how to use awk, Microsoft publishes a Linux distro |
| • Issue 1020 (2023-05-22): UBports 20.04, finding another machine's IP address, finding distros with a specific kernel, Debian prepares for Bookworm |
| • Issue 1019 (2023-05-15): Rhino Linux (Beta), checking which applications reply on a package, NethServer reborn, System76 improving application responsiveness |
| • Issue 1018 (2023-05-08): Fedora 38, finding relevant manual pages, merging audio files, Fedora plans new immutable edition, Mint works to fix Secure Boot issues |
| • Issue 1017 (2023-05-01): Xubuntu 23.04, Debian elects Project Leaders and updates media, systemd to speed up restarts, Guix System offering ground-up source builds, where package managers install files |
| • Issue 1016 (2023-04-24): Qubes OS 4.1.2, tracking bandwidth usage, Solus resuming development, FreeBSD publishes status report, KaOS offers preview of Plasma 6 |
| • Issue 1015 (2023-04-17): Manjaro Linux 22.0, Trisquel GNU/Linux 11.0, Arch Linux powering PINE64 tablets, Ubuntu offering live patching on HWE kernels, gaining compression on ex4 |
| • Issue 1014 (2023-04-10): Quick looks at carbonOS, LibreELEC, and Kodi, Mint polishes themes, Fedora rolls out more encryption plans, elementary OS improves sideloading experience |
| • Issue 1013 (2023-04-03): Alpine Linux 3.17.2, printing manual pages, Ubuntu Cinnamon becomes official flavour, Endeavour OS plans for new installer, HardenedBSD plans for outage |
| • Issue 1012 (2023-03-27): siduction 22.1.1, protecting privacy from proprietary applications, GNOME team shares new features, Canonical updates Ubuntu 20.04, politics and the Linux kernel |
| • Issue 1011 (2023-03-20): Serpent OS, Security Onion 2.3, Gentoo Live, replacing the scp utility, openSUSE sees surge in downloads, Debian runs elction with one candidate |
| • Issue 1010 (2023-03-13): blendOS 2023.01.26, keeping track of which files a package installs, improved network widget coming to elementary OS, Vanilla OS changes its base distro |
| • Issue 1009 (2023-03-06): Nemo Mobile and the PinePhone, matching the performance of one distro on another, Linux Mint adds performance boosts and security, custom Ubuntu and Debian builds through Cubic |
| • Issue 1008 (2023-02-27): elementary OS 7.0, the benefits of boot environments, Purism offers lapdock for Librem 5, Ubuntu community flavours directed to drop Flatpak support for Snap |
| • Issue 1007 (2023-02-20): helloSystem 0.8.0, underrated distributions, Solus team working to repair their website, SUSE testing Micro edition, Canonical publishes real-time edition of Ubuntu 22.04 |
| • Issue 1006 (2023-02-13): Playing music with UBports on a PinePhone, quick command line and shell scripting questions, Fedora expands third-party software support, Vanilla OS adds Nix package support |
| • Issue 1005 (2023-02-06): NuTyX 22.12.0 running CDE, user identification numbers, Pop!_OS shares COSMIC progress, Mint makes keyboard and mouse options more accessible |
| • Issue 1004 (2023-01-30): OpenMandriva ROME, checking the health of a disk, Debian adopting OpenSnitch, FreeBSD publishes status report |
| • Issue 1003 (2023-01-23): risiOS 37, mixing package types, Fedora seeks installer feedback, Sparky offers easier persistence with USB writer |
| • Issue 1002 (2023-01-16): Vanilla OS 22.10, Nobara Project 37, verifying torrent downloads, Haiku improvements, HAMMER2 being ports to NetBSD |
| • Issue 1001 (2023-01-09): Arch Linux, Ubuntu tests new system installer, porting KDE software to OpenBSD, verifying files copied properly |
| • Issue 1000 (2023-01-02): Our favourite projects of all time, Fedora trying out unified kernel images and trying to speed up shutdowns, Slackware tests new kernel, detecting what is taking up disk space |
| • Issue 999 (2022-12-19): Favourite distributions of 2022, Fedora plans Budgie spin, UBports releasing security patches for 16.04, Haiku working on new ports |
| • Issue 998 (2022-12-12): OpenBSD 7.2, Asahi Linux enages video hardware acceleration on Apple ARM computers, Manjaro drops proprietary codecs from Mesa package |
| • Issue 997 (2022-12-05): CachyOS 221023 and AgarimOS, working with filenames which contain special characters, elementary OS team fixes delta updates, new features coming to Xfce |
| • Issue 996 (2022-11-28): Void 20221001, remotely shutting down a machine, complex aliases, Fedora tests new web-based installer, Refox OS running on real hardware |
| • Issue 995 (2022-11-21): Fedora 37, swap files vs swap partitions, Unity running on Arch, UBports seeks testers, Murena adds support for more devices |
| • Issue 994 (2022-11-14): Redcore Linux 2201, changing the terminal font size, Fedora plans Phosh spin, openSUSE publishes on-line manual pages, disabling Snap auto-updates |
| • Issue 993 (2022-11-07): Static Linux, working with just a kernel, Mint streamlines Flatpak management, updates coming to elementary OS |
| • Issue 992 (2022-10-31): Lubuntu 22.10, setting permissions on home directories, Linux may drop i486, Fedora delays next version for OpenSSL bug |
| • Issue 991 (2022-10-24): XeroLinux 2022.09, learning who ran sudo, exploring firewall tools, Rolling Rhino Remix gets a fresh start, Fedora plans to revamp live media |
| • Issue 990 (2022-10-17): ravynOS 0.4.0, Lion Linux 3.0, accessing low numbered network ports, Pop!_OS makes progress on COSMIC, Murena launches new phone |
| • Issue 989 (2022-10-10): Ubuntu Unity, kernel bug causes issues with Intel cards, Canonical offers free Ubuntu Pro subscriptions, customizing the command line prompt |
| • Issue 988 (2022-10-03): SpiralLinux 11.220628, finding distros for older equipment and other purposes, SUSE begins releasing ALP prototypes, Debian votes on non-free firmware in installer |
| • Issue 987 (2022-09-26): openSUSE's MicroOS, converting people to using Linux, pfSense updates base system and PHP, Python 2 dropped from Arch |
| • Issue 986 (2022-09-19): Porteus 5.0, remotely wiping a hard drive, a new software centre for Ubuntu, Proxmox offers offline updates |
| • Issue 985 (2022-09-12): Garuda Linux, using root versus sudo, UBports on the Fairphone 4, Slackware reverses change to grep |
| • Issue 984 (2022-09-05): deepin 23 Preview, watching for changing to directories, Mint team tests Steam Deck, Devuan posts fix for repository key expiry |
| • Issue 983 (2022-08-29): Qubes OS 4.1.1, Alchg Linux, immutable operating systems, Debian considers stance on non-free firmware, Arch-based projects suffer boot issue |
| • Issue 982 (2022-08-22): Peropesis 1.6.2, KaOS strips out Python 2 and PulseAudio, deepin becomes independent, getting security update notifications |
| • Issue 981 (2022-08-15): Linux Lite 6.0, defining desktop environments and window managers, Mint releases upgrade tool, FreeBSD publishes status report |
| • Issue 980 (2022-08-08): Linux Mint 21, Pledge on Linux, SparkyLinux updates classic desktop packages, Peppermint OS experiments with Devuan base |
| • Issue 979 (2022-08-01): KaOS 2022.06 and KDE Plasma 5.25, terminating processes after a set time, GNOME plans Secure Boot check |
| • Issue 978 (2022-07-25): EndeavourOS 22.6, Slax explores a return to Slackware, Ubuntu certified with Dell's XPS 13, Linux running on Apple's M2 |
| • Issue 977 (2022-07-18): EasyOS 4.2, transferring desktop themes between distros, Tails publishes list of updates, Zevenet automates Let's Encrypt renewals |
| • Issue 976 (2022-07-11): NixOS 22.05, making a fake webcam, exploring the Linux scheduler, Debian publishes updated media |
| • Issue 975 (2022-07-04): Murena One running /e/OS, where are all the openSUSE distributions, Fedora to offer unfiltered Flathub access |
| • Issue 974 (2022-06-27): AlmaLinux 9.0, the changing data of DistroWatch's database, UBports on the Pixel 3a, Tails and GhostBSD publish hot fixes |
| • Issue 973 (2022-06-20): openSUSE 15.4, collecting distro media, FreeBSD status report, Ubuntu Core with optional real-time kernel |
| • Issue 972 (2022-06-13): Rolling Rhino Remix, SambaBox 4.1, SUSE team considers future of SUSE and openSUSE Leap, Tails improves Tor Connection Assistant |
| • Issue 971 (2022-06-06): ChimeraOS 2022.01.03, Lilidog 22.04, NixOS gains graphical installer, Mint replaces Bluetooth stack and adopts Timeshift, how to change a MAC address |
| • Issue 970 (2022-05-30): Tails 5.0, taking apart a Linux distro, Ubuntu users seeing processes terminated, Budgie team plans future of their desktop |
| • Issue 969 (2022-05-23): Fedora 36, a return to Unity, Canonical seeks to improve gaming on Ubuntu, HP plans to ship laptops with Pop!_OS |
| • Full list of all issues |
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Comfusion
Linux Comfusion (previously known as Uberyl) was a desktop Linux distribution that combines an Ubuntu base system with the latest 3D desktop technologies on a live DVD.
Status: Discontinued
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| TUXEDO |
TUXEDO Computers - Linux Hardware in a tailor made suite
Choose from a wide range of laptops and PCs in various sizes and shapes at TUXEDOComputers.com. Every machine comes pre-installed and ready-to-run with Linux. Full 24 months of warranty and lifetime support included!
Learn more about our full service package and all benefits from buying at TUXEDO.
|
| Star Labs |
Star Labs - Laptops built for Linux.
View our range including the highly anticipated StarFighter. Available with coreboot open-source firmware and a choice of Ubuntu, elementary, Manjaro and more. Visit Star Labs for information, to buy and get support.
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| Free Tech Guides |
NEW! Learn Linux in 5 Days
In this FREE ebook, you will learn the most important concepts and commands and be guided step-by-step through several practical and real-world examples (a free 212-page ebook).
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